Biography:

Dr. Shahryar Eghtesadi received Bachelor degree in Nutrition Science and Food Chemistry 1975, from Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran; MSPH degree in Nutrition, 1977, from Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran and PhD from University of California at Davis(UCD), USA, in Nutrition (1985). He served as Visiting Scientist in USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging (HNRCA), at Tufts University, Boston, USA (1994-1995); Full professor of Tabriz, Iran and Tehran Universities of Medical Sciences and currently serves as Professor of Azad University, Science & Research Branch. He was the chairs of Departments of Nutrition and Biochemistry, Biochemistry & Clinical Nutrition, Public Health Nutrition and Nutrition in aforementioned Universities. Also served as Associate Dean and Dean of School of Public Health & Nutrition and School of Public Health of Tabriz and Iran Universities of Medical Sciences respectively. He was selected as distinguished professor and Scientist in preceding universities. For long and extended period of time, experienced teaching various courses in nutrition in undergraduate, graduate and postgraduate and international Bureau programs and directed many projects and dissertations of MS and PhD programs and Published numerous peer reviewed articles in journals and also edited several books and finally served as Principal Investigator of World Bank Project for Capacity Building in Nutrition in Iran.

Abstract:

Green tea with possessing iron chelating properties can be useful in TB treatment and management. We studied the effect of green tea consumption on iron status and improving process of pulmonary tuberculosis treatment (accelerating the negative sputum smear, reducing the level of oxidative stress). Following the approval by Ethics Committee for Human Studies of Golestan and Tehran Universities of Medical Sciences and also obtaining the written consent of patients, this double-blinded randomized clinical trial study, was conducted on patients with TB, who were assigned randomly to the intervention group (41 patients) receiving 500mg catechin of green tea extract and the control group (39 subjects) receiving placebo for two months, since the beginning of concomitant anti-TB treatment. Sputum evaluation was carried out on three slides using the Ziehl Nelson method. At first, the demographic and dietary intake data were obtained. After obtaining 10ml of venous blood, hemoglobin (Hb), transferrin, ferritin, Total Iron Binding Capacity (TIBC), Iron and Serum malondialdehyde (MDA) were measured at the beginning and end of the study. Sputum samples were collected from the third week (every 10 days) and the reduction of microbial load was also tested until sputum smear became negative. Data were processed using independent and paired t-test, McNemar, Wilcoxon, Kaplan-Meier, Log-rank test and Cox regression model. P-value was taken significant as <0.05. Average daily energy intake of patients was 1518±431kcal, distribution of which was as follow: carbohydrates (58%), protein (17%) and fat (22%). Vitamin D and Zinc intake of patients were less and iron intake was higher than the DRI. Weight changes in both groups of placebo and green tea had tendency of increase with a significant difference at two and six month follows ups (pË‚0.0001). However, there were no significant changes due to intervention compared to placebo. Sputum conversion time (days) was 52.5±24.5 (median=53 days) and 40.6±22.5 (median=29 days) in placebo and catechin groups, respectively. The proportion of patients in the green tea group based on criterion of; the short duration of being negative sputum smear; was significantly higher than the placebo group (p=0.032). To measure the mean of iron status after intervention, ANCOVA test showed mean difference level (P-value) in both groups for Hb, iron, TIBC, transferrin and ferritin as of: 0.004, 0.56, 0.65, 0.38 and 0.16, respectively which means that increase of hemoglobin in the green tea group was significant compared with the placebo group. There was just a 9.2nmol/ml difference between the two groups for MDA at the beginning of study, which was not statistically significant (p=0.078) whereas, it was increased to 24.8nmol/ml after the intervention, indicating a significant difference (p<0.001). The decline value was estimated -45.45±14.69nmol/ml for catechin group and -19.91±18.38nmol/ml for placebo group. In conclusion green tea can systematically reduce the inflammatory elements and oxidants (decrease of MDA as fatty acids oxidation indicator), and consequently, can improve the hematopoiesis and hemoglobin level. Therefore, localized inflammation and damage in the lung is reduced, and adjunct to antimicrobial therapy, accelerate sputum smear conversion, disease amelioration and treatment improvement. Finally, given the higher iron intake despite of lower micronutrients and macronutrients in diet of our patients, and considering the iron effect on mycobacterium survival and the incidence and exacerbation of inflammatory complications in patients, it seems that policy of mandatory flour fortification with iron, especially in provinces such as Golestan, must be viewed cautiously and its further implementation being revised meticulously.

Biography:

Abstract:

Biography:

Kiyemba Ronald is a Coach for Uganda Cycling National Teams. He has completed his degree in Sports Science. He is the President of Kitanda Care for HIV/AIDS and UTI infections control. His interests are the methods of reducing HIV/AIDS and other infectious diseases from the communities.

Abstract:

Statement of the Problem: The family concept brings parents, siblings and extended family members such as aunts, uncles and grandparents into the treatment process within the African community Homesteads. In Uganda, utilization of ethno botanical indigenous knowledge is becoming an integral part in management of local diseases within the basic family social setup. Youth participation together, collaborating with the extended family members through urban, rural school settings and local gatherings, sports bonanzas have advocated for herbal therapy as an avenue for preventing and treating some of the STDs. Expansion of STD screening & treatment programs to schools, sports centers, CBOs and peer educators is likely to be critical in the overall control of STDs in our African family setups.

Methodology & Theoretical Orientation: Consultation and reviews on articles and references related to the subject matter was done. Objective mobilization of youth to participate among families in directly managing STDs within the local communities/centers/schools. Treating Chlamydia and Gonorrhea in local family setup using herbal therapy/medicines. Repeated School Based Screening (RSBS) for STD was applied in a total of 7 schools; 3 urban and 4 rural. All students in secondary were educated, counseled, some received direct treatment, single dose therapy (Azithromycin 500mg stat) Modified (RSBS) was used at three sports centre and CBOs were similar techniques were administered interventional. Five ministerial local churches were included in the study (2 urban & 3 rural)

Findings: 7 schools-(1010) urban respondents and 185 rural from primary and secondary schools were interviewed and screened for STDs and treated. 28 questionnaires were given to a local urban CBO. The modified RSBS used for the sports centers showed that 88 respondents, 52(63.4%) were knowledgeable about STD and participated locally in peer led education programmes. 32(36.6%) were not sure of the subject on STDs. Herbal therapy was theoretically available within the homesteads with informal and formal literature on the usage and local formulation, we however failed to evaluate efficiency after administration lacking the appropriate technical & technological support. Churches had conflicting information on the issue of sensitization vs. treatment of STDs. Belief in herbal therapy for STDs was only supported by the elderly who had knowledge on their local effects and practices as per their experience.

Conclusion: It’s clear we need to do local interventions to help teenagers make good decisions which will lead to increase good safe sexual behavior and clear knowledge on prevention of STDs. Herbal therapy in treatment and prevention of STDs is challenging in the field of health promotion requiring patience, technology and sensitization to the recipients with within their local community setups.

Significance: Expansion of STD screening and treatment programs to schools, sports centers, CBOs and peer educators is a critical step in sensitization, control and treatment of STDs in African homesteads using locally available herbal therapy through the family concept.

Biography:

Christelle Damiens, CleanSpace Technology Pty Ltd, Australia

Abstract:

Biography:

Aude Lalis has performed a PhD in population genetics and viral infection, focusing on rodent in West Africa, where she workes since 2008. She has completed her Postdoctoral studies by joining a research program on “Modern human installation in Morocco influence on the small terrestrial vertebrate biodiversity and evolution”. Currently, she is an Assistant Professor at the Museum of Natural History-CNRS in Paris, where she continues to study genetics in several species of mammals, such as rat in Paris, bats in Africa, rodents in Iran, fox in Canada and their possible role in many human health problems.

Abstract:

The control and prevention of rodent-borne diseases is mainly based on our knowledge of the infectious status of their reservoir hosts and on their identification. Small mammals including rodents, shrews, moles and bats are reservoirs of hantaviruses. Although the majority of hantaviral infections are reported from east Asian countries such as Korea and China, the infection has also been reported in the Middle-East countries including Iran. As the first attempt looking for evidence of hantavirus reservoir in Iran, this study aimed to investigate hantaviral infection in rodents from East-Azerbaijan Province, Northwest of Iran in 2017 and 2018 in collaboration with Pasteur Institute of Iran. Spleen and lung samples were obtained from 200 trapped small mammals and were used for rodent identification and molecular detection of hantaviruses. The results of Pan-hantavirus nested RT-PCR and sequence analysis showed the presence of Tula hantavirus RNA in one lung specimen of glirid rodent belonging to the genus dryomys nitedula. Phylogenetic analysis showed the similarity of the Tula virus identified in this study with Tula hantavirus strains from Turkey. This study for the first time showed Tula virus infection in Iran and in dryomys nitedula as the first formal record from a non-murid rodents. The current study not only is the first genetic identification of any hantavirus circulating in Iran, it is also the first report of a hantaviral infection (Tula virus) in a rodent in this country.

Biography:

Christelle Damiens, CleanSpace Technology Pty Ltd, Australia

Abstract:

In a respiratory protection program, the practice of mask Fit Testing for tight fitting respirators is best practice for most international respiratory protection standards. Fit Testing (either through a qualitative or quantitative method) is widely used as a determinant of how well the respirator protects the wearer and is conducted with new staff followed by annual re-testing. Many high-risk industries (healthcare, laboratories and emergency services) are required to report on their comprehensive annual Fit Testing programs with large, remote or mobile teams. For these organizations Fit Testing can be a lengthy, costly and technically complex logistical process which restricts its use on a more frequent basis in the workplace. When conducted annually this leaves long periods during which the wearer’s mask fit may change (facial hair or weight loss) resulting in a deterioration in protection offered by the respirator. Even without material facial changes, studies have reported high failure rates from day to day for passive masks (N95s) even when fitted by trained personnel. Practically, employers need an easier, faster and inexpensive daily check (between annual Fit Tests) to ensure staff are adequately protected or as an early alert for when staff may need to be re-fitted for their mask.

Methodology: CleanSpace Respirators were used in this study. CleanSpace is a new generation in respiratory protection incorporating the proprietary AirSensit™ technology that monitors the mask pressure 100 times per second to maintain positive pressure during use. The system is dynamic and can detect minute changes in mask leak and resistance. Bluetooth™ enabled respirator devices were used in conjunction with TSI Portacount® Fit Testing. The study involved 700 participants. A mathematical model was developed using the device metrics (pressure, motor speed and power) captured during testing. Device data was segmented into good fit (Fit Factor>1000), marginal fit (Fit Factor 500 –1000) and poor fit (Fit Factor less 500). Device data was captured and transferred via Bluetooth® to a mobile handset.

Results: Data analysis demonstrated a correlation to the TSI Portacount® Fit Testing results and indicated protection had a high predictive factor.

Conclusion: This is the first time a methodology has been described for an inbuilt indicator of mask fit, run by the wearer, in the field. This check could be conducted by the user using a mobile app, quickly and inexpensively. Results could be uploaded for remote record keeping by the employer. This methodology would not replace, but would work in conjunction with, traditional annual quantitative Fit Testing. A fast real time check on the job can provide an early warning system for the wearer for poor fitted masks, allowing immediate feedback to adjust and refit the mask-thus reducing the risk of exposure and increasing respiratory safety in the field.

References

1. Wilkinson IJ1, Pisaniello D, Ahmad J, Edwards S (2010) Evaluation of a large-scale quantitative respirator-Fit Testing program for healthcare workers: survey results. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 31(9):918-25.
2. Shu-An Lee, Dong-Chir Hwang, He-Yi Li, Chieh-Fu Tsai, Chun-Wan Chen, and Jen-Kun Chen (2016) Particle size-selective assessment of protection of European standard FFP respirators and surgical masks against particles-tested with Human Subjects. J Healthc Eng: 8572493.

Biography:

Barbra Nabuuma Health Care Peer Educator | Bachelor of Business Administration and Management, Uganda

Abstract:

Statement of problem

On average,a typical Ugandan female  will  have  an infection once a month.And in an outpatients departments out  of every  10 females will complain of symptoms pointing to urinary tract infection.Most of these infections are more of commun ity acquired than nosocomial.By 2011,a report was published and the prevalence rate stood at 13.3%,and it keeps going high every year.so much funds have been spent on antibiotics which could have been avoided,some of the key points to note In the urban settings where populations  are rising, shared toilet settings which play a great role in its spread due to the female anatomy as opposed to the rural settings which have the put latrines which are of less threat Antibiotic abuse.where they're poorly controlled by the system highly humid and high temperature s which favored build up of bacteria leading to these infectionsThe country's location at the equator,making it highly humid and high temperatures which favored build up of bacteria leading to these infectionsPromiscuous nature due t o culture,where one has multiple sexual partners,and the middle aged citizens having several partners at ago. Antibiotic abuse, where they're poorly controlled  by  the systems , self medication is so rampant as the antibiotics  are easy to reach and the  infections  end  up  being  poorly managed, leading to reoccurrence and resistance. High levels of poverty directly connecting to poor personal hygiene. where the population  can't steer clear of  the infections  Limited access to health services leading to those untreated spreading it further.

Conclusion

Government should improve awareness,and educate more its citizens on prevention and control of these infections, monitoring antibiotic sales as this will greatly lead to reduction and elimination of recurring infections

Biography:

Farrah bilal has completed his mphil in pharmaceutics from Pakistan. He is the lecturer in pharmacology department  of Nishat paramedical collage. He has published foure papers in reputed journals and has been serving as an reviewer member of repute.

Abstract:

Patients of Chronic liver diseases face a fatal complication known as bacteraemia which leads to gastrointestinal bleeding and hepatic encephalopathy. Bacterial peritonitis and bacteraemia is common in liver cirrhosis but site of infection does not depend to aetiology of the liver disease. Along with bacteraemia, Urinary tract infections and respiratory tract infections are the most frequent bacterial infections complications seen in cirrhotic patients. So, clinical suspicion of bacteraemia is a indication of deterioration in the patients, increasing encephalopathy.  Streptococci and Gram negative enteric is common organism that cause infections in liver patients of Pakistan. therefore, we have been conducted a descriptive reaeach study in various  health care centres of pakistan in duration of three month.  The incidence of bacteraemia in cirrhotic patients admitted in hospital with ascites has been estimated to range between 7 and 24%. The diagnosis is performed by polymorphonuclear cell count in ascitic fluid higher than 250/mm³. The diagnosis of SIBO is based on the use of glucose breath hydrogen tests or quantitative culture of jejunal aspirate. More than 70% patients have positive culture of Bacterial peritonitis and small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) has been shown to frequently occur in the setting of chronic liver diseases, Initial results of our study showed that cephalosporins are the most commonly used antibiotic treatment in bacteraemia complication with liver disease.

Biography:

Farah is facility member  of  Nishat paramedical collage KWL Pakistan. Her research area of interest about drug utilization, pharmaceutical sciences and public health.

Abstract:

The effectiveness of Antibiotics and anti infectious agents (used to fight bacteria’s and bacterial infections) cannot be negated but now a day microbial resistance continuously develop. Therefore, bugs change in superbugs. These superbugs are multidrug resistant bacteria. So, this problem may progress and lead to significant risks to human health.  Antibiotics resistance is becoming a serious problem especially for our community because the myth among people of our society that all type of diseases can be treated by antibiotics is one of key reasons for the misuse and overuse of antibiotics. The objective of our study was to evaluate the irrational utilization of antimicrobial agents, identify the common reason of misuse & over use of antibiotics and knowledge of our community about antibiotics. A descriptive study was conducted in 5 different clinical settings of Pakistan. Duration of study was three months, in which 1000 of patients (n=1000) selected randomly for questionnaire survey. A standardized structured questionnaire was designed, consisting of close ended type questions. According to our study results, about 47.8% of patients told that they got infections yearly.79.7% use antibiotics , 70.5% unaware about antibiotic resistance, 68.9% patients think antibiotic can use in flu and cough, 40.3% patients take antibiotics as self-medication, 50.7% purchase antibiotics without prescription, 47.4% patients used antibiotics in advise of their family member, 51.7% patients don’t know the misuse of antibiotics is harmful, 51.7% patients discontinue course when symptoms of disease eased, 65.5% patients think antibiotics can treat every illnesses. We concluded that unawareness about antibiotics is major factor of overuse of antibiotics which leads to antibiotics resistance. There must be need to spread knowledge about emergence of antibiotics resistance and its harms.

Biography:

Jacob Oluwoye has been an active researcher in transportation, public health and the built environment field since the late 1990’s and currently researching on a topic entitled Transport Networks and Infectious Disease Spread. He has his technical expertise and leadership experience   on multidisciplinary study of HIV/AIDS and Aging with the goal of carry out comparative study of Life satisfaction among younger and older HIV-infected populations. Jacob have been collaborating on national and international public health, transportation, econometrics and environmental issues. He possess a depth of experience in the area of focus/control groups, econometrics and the use of geographic information system for the built environment. With extensive experience in the built environment and urban/community model building, including road/road environment pollution exposure modeling and mapping /modeling greenhouse gas emissions from transport effects.

Abstract:

Transportation deals with the movement of people and goods, using various means of locomotion (walking, bicycles, buses, trams, trains, ferries, taxis, motor cars, trucks, ships, aircraft, pipelines) on transport networks (roads, rails, waterways, airways) which have terminals (parking areas, depots, stations, ports and airports) and transfer points (bus stops, stations, goods yards). Disease-causing organisms can now move faster, further and in greater numbers than it before. In recent years, human trafficking has been identified as a form of modern slavery, as a threat to human security, and as one of the greatest human rights challenges of our time. Human trafficking may be a humanitarian drawback of a worldwide scale, however quantitative analysis on the problem barely exists and investigating and controlling infectious diseases is a complex enterprise that has long been assisted by mathematical modeling. Furthermore, the prevalence of human trafficking is difficult to measure; however, the number of international organizations has estimated that traffickers exploit a majority of human trafficking victims without moving them from one country to another. From the on top of discussions, one will see that human trafficking involves the acting Associate in Nursing tried an act of enlisting and transportation of persons (both male and female) inside or across borders. HIV/AIDS programs area unit advanced as a result of the illness is advanced. It affects all aspects of human society from the cultural sphere to the spiritual, political, and economic spheres. The infected and affected area unit several in variety, numerous in nature, and widespread throughout the planet. People confront risks in everyday life. All forms of social life have elements of risk. This paper is the first attempt to describe the theoretical applied discrete-choice modeling of prevalence and predictors of HIV risk behaviors among trafficking victims for Commercial Sexual Exploitation (CSE). The paper concludes that the theoretical application may help policymakers to better target anti-trafficking efforts. 

Biography:

Vladimir Roldan B. Rosales I, or Vlad, as his family and friends call him, is just your typical twenty-year-old young adult, who had gone through all of the phases frombeing the smart, brainy kid in the family, being consistently in the first section of, arguably, the best institutions in Tagum City. Taking Applied Mathematics as his degree program was never the plan but going to UP was. Hence, even being not initially qualified to enter the university, he fought tooth and nail for his dream of becoming an Iskolar ng Bayan, thus being the last qualifier of the admission test. Now, he’s still learning and finding his worth and place in this world, while battling against the many social injustices in this world and bouts of existential crisis in the wee hours of the night. Meeting people and losing some alongtheway, but that’s life.

Abstract:

Statement of the Problem: The main objective of this study was to assess the dengue situation of Davao City by integrating socio-physical and climactic factors using AHP and GIS to generate risk zonation area. Potential areas were categorized as high, moderate and low. The factors that were used in determining the risk of dengue fever came from previous related researches. Then, relative weights of factors were computed, with the consistency ratio being less than 0.1 which were within its accepted range. The derived data from AHP-based dengue risk zonation area generated vital information on determining areas belonging to different levels of risks. Based on AHP, the most influential factors were found to be population density, housing density and land use. The accuracy of the AHP-produced dengue risk map with respect to the actual dengue cases map came at 63.64%. Moreover, by sensitivity analysis, the best fit dengue risk model in Davao City was to integrate housing density with the majority weight of 50%. In conclusion, this study produced significant insights on the dengue situation of the city that could potentially enhance public health consciousness. Moreover, GIS and AHP could be applied to amplify surveillance programs of other tropical diseases so that awareness will spark actions of prevention and control.

Biography:

Pratista is resident of internal medicine of Brawijaya University, one of the greatest university in Indonesia. He is passionate in infectious disease and public health. He got many experiences in diagnosis and therapy of tropical-infectious disease in source-limited area, where clinical approach was very needed in order to give appropriate treatment. He give a report for global data and his best as physician with a goal of new treatment.

Abstract:

Biography:

Ema Dianita was internal medicine resident of Brawijaya University, the one of the greatest universities in Indonesia. She has a passion in tropical & infectious disease which is the most common disease in her country. She has a goal in improving health care system and wellbeing, as well as developing antimicrobial or vaccine of infectious disease. She applied her best capability in clinical approach after years of experience as phycisian and biomedic researcher.

Abstract:

Biography:

Abstract:

Biography:

Vilma G Duschak, Dr in Biochemistry (1989), UBA. CONICET Researcher, Argentina since 1994. Post-grade in Medicine Chile University (1990); Cooperation: Instituto-Cs-Biomédicas- San Pablo-University-Brasil (2005), Universite-Jules Verne-Amiens- France (2007), Bernhard Notch Inst. of Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany (2010-2011). Editorial Advisory Board Member, Bentham Science Publishers. USA. Awards and distinctions: 6. Publications: more than 40, Assistance to more than 100 National and international Congresses. Roche Diagnostics International Meeting expert, New York, USA (2016). Evaluator of research projects from ANPCyT, CONICET and UBA (Argentina), OTKA (Hungary) and European Union international projects, Brussels (2018).

Abstract:

Statement of the Problem. Chagas disease (ChD) constitutes a major endemic health problem in Latin America. The presence of sulfate-bearing-glycoproteins has been identified in Trypanosoma cruzi, they are targets of specific immune responses and subjects chronically infected with T. cruzi mount specific humoral immune responses to sulfated glycoproteins. Cruzipain (Cz), a major antigen. containing a C-terminal domain (C-T), is responsible for the immunogenicity of the molecule in natural and experimental infection Synthetic anionic sugar conjugates containing N-acetyl D glucosamine-6-sulfate (NAcGlc6-SO3) mimics the N-glycan-linked sulfated epitope (sulfotope) displayed in the C-T. IgG2 antibody levels specific for sulfotopes are inversely correlated with Chagas disease severity. Another sulfated glycoprotein with serinecarboxypeptidase (SCP) activity was studied. Methodology & Theoretical Orientation: Native SCP co-purifies with Cz from The presence of short-sulfated high-mannose-type oligosaccharidic chains was confirmed in SCP II) sulfotopes participate in trypomastigotes infection of cardiac cells; iii) sulfotopes generate muscle tissue damage in BALB/c mice, in absence of infection. iv) sulfotopes from Cz and other sulfated glycoproteins participate in parasite infection and immunopathogenesis. v) Sulfotopes and their specific antibodies are responsible for the ultrastructural abnormalities observed in the outcome of the experimental ChD disease.

Biography:

Huan Xu has her expertise in discovery of new biotechnology drugs, including recombinant long-lasting protein, bi-specific antibody and vaccines. She received her Bachelor and Doctoral degree both from Peking University. After graduation, she joined the North China Pharmaceutical Company as a Senior Scientist. The methods presented here utilize expansion of the genetic code (lei wang, 2001) of influenza a virus. It may become a general approach for generating live virus vaccines.

Abstract:

Influenza virus still represents a considerable threat to global public health, despite the advances in the development and wide use of influenza vaccines. Vaccination with traditional inactivate influenza vaccines (IIV) or live-attenuated influenza vaccines (LAIV) remains the main strategy in the control of annual seasonal epidemics, but it does not offer protection against new influenza viruses with pandemic potential, those that have shifted. Moreover, the continual antigenic drift of seasonal circulating influenza viruses, requiring yearly reformulation of seasonal influenza vaccines, seriously compromises vaccine efficacy. Therefore, the quick optimization of vaccine production for seasonal influenza and the development of new vaccine approaches for pandemic viruses is still a challenge for the prevention of influenza infections. Moreover, recent reports have questioned the effectiveness of the current LAIV because of limited protection, mainly against the influenza a virus (IAV) component of the vaccine. Although the reasons for the poor protection efficacy of the LAIV have not yet been elucidated, researchers are encouraged to develop new vaccines that overcome the limitations that are associated with the current LAIV. The discovery and implementation of plasmid-based reverse genetics has been a key advance in the rapid generation of recombinant attenuated influenza viruses that can be used for the development of new and most effective LAIV. In this review, we provide an update regarding the progress that has been made during the last five years in the development of new LAIV and the innovative ways that are being explored as alternatives to the currently licensed LAIV. The safety, immunogenicity, and protection efficacy profile of these new LAIVs reveal their possibility in combating influenza infections. However, efforts by vaccine companies and government agencies will be needed for developing and approving, respectively, these new vaccine methodologies for the control of influenza infections.