Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases

COVID-19 infection may lead to intestinal infection and be present in faeces. However, to date only one study has cultured the COVID-19 virus from a single stool specimen. There have been no reports of faecal−oral transmission of the COVID-19 virus to date. it has make drug researchers realise the debilitating effect a virus can have on people’s health and the entire world economy. The epidemiology of NTDs is complex and often related to environmental conditions. Many NTDs are vector-borne, have animal reservoirs and are associated with complex life cycles: all these factors make their public-health control challenging. In fact, the Covid-19 outbreak has given a renewed push to focusing research on infectious diseases, mostly backed by governments and not-for-profit organisations. One such, the ACT Accelerator for Covid-19 therapeutics, launched by the World Health Organization in partnership with the not-for-profit Trust and UnitAid, is responsible for speeding up investment for therapies against Covid-19 by the end of the year.

Biomedical sciences are a set of applied sciences applying portions of natural science or formal science, to knowledge, interventions, or technology that are of use in healthcare or public health. Such disciplines as medical microbiology, clinical virology, clinical epidemiology, genetic epidemiology, and biomedical engineering are medical sciences.

Tropical Medicine with the high incidence rate of Infectious Diseases across the tropical region there is more and more requirement of medicine and new preventive measure especially in the under developed countries. According to one of the recent publications, more than a billion people, one-sixth of the world’s population are suffering from tropical diseases. We would like to invite all the researchers and scientists from the field of epidemiology, virologists, parasitologists, logisticians, microbiologists, public health.

These are the diseases which are abundant in tropical region and mainly affecting the world’s poorest population and mostly in the developing countries. As they affect poor people, they remain unnoticed, thus are called as Neglected.These diseases does not include the major 3 Infections like  AIDS, Tuberculosis, Malaria. There are 13 diseases included under this category some of which are dengue, rabies, Chagas diseases, Buruli ulcer.

Many pathogens can live outside the animal’s body until conditions that occurs which are favourable for entering and infecting them by causing Infectious diseases. Pathogens enter the body in various ways like by penetrating the skin or an eye, being eaten with food, or by being breathed into the lungs. After their entry into a host, pathogens actively multiply and produce disease by interfering with the functions of specific organs or tissues of the host. Many organisms like bacteria and viruses which cause tropical diseases among the world’s poorest region also infect livestock and other animals. These diseases worsen the impact of NTDs on people but on the other hand provide opportunities for developing new approaches to tackle human diseases. The main diseases concerned among Animal are African trypanosomiasis and Chagas Diseases.

Entomology is the scientific study of insects and their relationship to humans, the environment, and other organisms. Entomology includes the study of terrestrial animals in other arthropod groups or other phyla, such as arachnids, myriads, earthworms, land snails, and slugs. Entomologists make great contributions to such diverse fields as agriculture, chemistry, biology, human/animal health, molecular science, criminology, and forensics.

Clinical Tropical Medicine includes various drugs clinical trials and various Bioethics issues. One major topic is travel medicine which deals with the health issues of various international travelers. An estimated of about 80 million people travel from developed to developing countries. Specific diseases affecting international travelers are Yellow Fever, Meningitis and Malaria. The focus under this is the vaccination and the 6 I’s which are Insects, Ingestions, Indiscretion, Injuries, Immersions, insurance.

Epidemiology is the study and analysis of the distribution and determinants of health and disease conditions in defined populations. Epidemiology came out with developed methodologies which can be used in clinical research, public health studies, basic research in the biological sciences etc.

Parasitology is the study of relationship between parasites and their hosts, and the relationship between them. As a biological discipline, the scope of parasitology is not determined by the organism or environment in question but by their way of life. This means it forms a synthesis of other disciplines, and draws on techniques from fields such as cell biology, bioinformatics, biochemistry, molecular biology, immunology, genetics, evolution and ecology

Microbiology is the study of microorganisms, those being unicellular, multicellular, or cellular. such as bacteria, viruses, archaea, fungi and protozoa. This discipline includes fundamental research on the biochemistry, physiology, cell biology, ecology, evolution and clinical aspects of microorganisms, including the host response to these agents

The immune system has developed a variety of approaches in controlling viral and bacterial infections, which range from direct killing of pathogen to elaborating cytokines that inhibit replication. It describes how body copes with bacterial, viral and parasitic infections.

The diseases which are caused by pathogenic microorganism such as virus, bacteria, parasites, fungi come under the category of Infectious. Another category is Zoonotic diseases which are the diseases affecting animals but also infects when transmitted to humans. These diseases are transmissible from one person to another. According to a report in today’s world more than half a billion people are affected with communicable diseases which includes various kinds of infections depending on the diseases causing agents and arboviral diseases. Infectious diseases are one of the leading causes of death worldwide.

According to a recent report major infectious disease kill over 19 million people a year. Some major diseases, such as cholera, malaria and tuberculosis are making a deadly comeback in many parts of the world, despite being preventable or treatable. At the same time, many new and highly infectious diseases such as HIV/AIDS and the notorious Ebola haemorrhagic fever emerging to pose additional threats. Fears are growing over a possible food-chain link between bovine spongiform encephalopathy and a variant of the incurable Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, due to an infectious agent that attacks the human brain.

On average, approximately 1 in 25 people globally have at least one of these Sexually transmitted diseases, according to the latest research, with some experiencing multiple infections  at the same time. STDs spread predominantly through unprotected sexual contact, including vaginal, anal and oral sex. Some most common STD’s are chlamydia, gonorrhoea, and syphilis. STDs are preventable through safe sexual practices, including correct and consistent condom use and sexual health  education.

This include various research and trial measure and application in the field of genetics so that they can help in the treatment for tropical diseases, some of the application that can be considered useful are r-DNA technology. Treatment of various diseases that are hereditary and other diseases at genetic level. Multi system diseases affects skin joints and gastro-intestinal tract; coronial-artery diseases, rheumatoid arthritis, pulmonary hypertension.

A Nosocomial infection is an infection that is acquired in a hospitals, nursing homes, rehabilitation centres, outpatient clinics, or other health care facilities and are potentially caused by organisms that are resistant to antibiotics. Health care specialists can spread infection, in addition to contaminated equipment, bed linens, or air droplets. Nosocomial infections can be controlled by practicing infection control programs, keep check on antimicrobial use and its resistance, adopting antibiotic control policy. People with mental health issues may have a decreased resistance to infection because of age, underlying medical conditions, or substance abuse. When people are living closely together, they are more likely to become sick with infections that are spread from person to person.

Tropical diseases, including the neglected tropical diseases, comprise a group of infectious diseases primarily affecting the poorest segments of society in the tropics and subtropics. These infections remain a major cause of morbidity and mortality in developing countries. Compelling and timely surveillance and responses tailored to specific settings consider the capacity of a health system to give reliable and prudent data to public health policy, sensible action in infectious disease control and eradication, and proficient sustainable advancement.